   2021
/  
 
(    )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
1.    ?            
2.  ,      '  
( )
3.         
4. "            "  
   
(  )
5.         
6.   ,    '  
(19
    )
7. 19
     -   '  
8.     ,      
   2021
/  
 
(    )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
1.    ?            
:🌼   ?
                   
     () '       ""   
    ,  ,  
,  ,     ,    :
      
     
 -       ,     ,      - 
   
      
,  ,         
   ,       
;     

  
    
🌿  
 ?
     ,          
         ,     , 
  ,              
         - ,  
  , 
  '       
;     
 
   ,      ,          
             '   
   
        ,        
  ,               
   
🌺   
            ,     

            
       ,    6
 9
     
               :
(   )
(  )
           '         
      
-,        
🌟      
12
 ,            , 
             
1.    
,          
    
, , ,  , ,             

  ,        , ,  
         
2.   ' 
            :
  
  
   
 ,      
          ,      
3.       
                
     ,        :
 
  
  
   :
"   
,      "
       ' -     
4.   
     -        , 
                  
 
;          
      -   -      
 "     "          
🌼         

              ,  
                 
   ,             

              ,   ,  ,
       
  :
   
     
     
  ()          
   
   ,              
     , ,   ,       -   
 
  " "        

    ,    
    ,  
                
 
,     ,         

, ,  
           ,   
 
         
             
 
         
🌈         |
       
;      
 :
   
      -  
       
   
   
 ,     
 ,          
   ,      ,  ,     
 
🌺
     
;          :
   
    
  -       
       
,     ,            
            ,      
 -           ,     
   
2.  ,      '  
( )
:🌟 ,     
🌟-
              ,   
       '    ,      
             ,     ,  
            
,  ,
   
,        
🌟  (1270–1350)
:   ,      (    )   
:
o         ,        
   
o               () '  

o        
       
 
:
o    ,        

o                
 
👉      ,      
🌟 (1440–1518)
:       ,         
          
:
o             ,  ,
       
o    ,        , 
   
o             ()  
      
 
:
o          ,   
  
o          ,       

 
o        ,  '     
👉     ,     
        ,
   
🌟 (1450–1520)
:                 ,
     ""   
:
o     ,         
   
o        ,     ' 

o          -     ,
     
:
o          ,      

o         ,    ,
        
o         ,     
👉              
🌟   
         :
o    -      '  
o          
o              
 ,            , 
          
👉        ,        
 
📖  
15
             '   ,  
    '         
 , 
 :
"




,


..."(    ,     ...)
 ,     
 ,          
 
         
     ,     
  ,     ,    
        -  ,      
📊 

 


      ;  
 ' 
   ;    
 

   ; 
     
    ;
     

 ;   
   ;  
    
🌍 
 ,         
 -    
,     ,         
        ,        
👉  ,           
,  ,  
       
3.         
:     
 
  ,    ,    ,    
     -    ,    -- 
        
;     , 
 ,    ,             
        ,        
  -      
    1173            '  ,  
  (     )          
       -   ,      
        ,          
 ,             
         ,       
 
            '   
         ""    ,  
       ,         
    
,                
                
"--"   ,    "  "
   
 -     ,            
    ,          
       
 -     ,   
               ,  
  ,        
    ,
      ,        
 
  ,      ,         
       -    -   ,  
, -   -         
 
 ,     
        
       ,           
 
 ,    
    -   
            
    ,
                 
1. ,    
        -          
           
 ,     
 
   ,                
        :
    
     
   
                 
       
2.   
           ,      
        ,      
  
 
 ,   ,          
 
   
,           ,      
3.    
                   
 
             ,
             ,  
     
 ,        
     
4.     
     
         
  ,           ,  
  ,  '             
           
 
5.   
                    
         
   ,   -   ,    -
              , 
      ,        
             ,       

 
      
    
  
  -      
 
   ,       ,     
      , , ,           
  
               
    
   
    1266     ,       
  
     '     
         
         ,  
 '     ,      ,  
, ,         
 

          
;      
    
       ,    ,  
            :
  
  
   
 
  
,         ,         
         
        

,  
  ,       
         
 
,  ,              
4. "            "  
   
(  )
:🌟-
       - -  ,       , 
 ,        ,        
,      '           
,           -   
    - '   ,          
          
🌟  ?
    ,   ,    
     '   
       ,   ( )  ,  
        
              ,  
    
   
👉   :      
      
 ,    
🌟    
?
1.    
        ,       
       ,      

            -    
 ,         
👉:  ,            ,  : "  
,  ..." (    ,     …)
2.    
     ,   ,       
   
     -      -      
         ,        

3.   (  )
   ()        ,    
,      
 
 (  )           
 ,     
👉 ,   (   )       
  
4.   
          
        '  
             

5.    
  (   , ,  , )        -
  , ,    
             
 
  ,          
🌟      
   ():       ,  
     
  ():        ,  
 '  
  ():         ,    
   
 
  ():         ,   
 
👉      
 -       
 
📖  
           -     
       
 ,         

                 -
,         - , ,     -  
 ,         
 ,             ,   
 
🌟   
1.  :  '     
2.  :     '      
3.  -: ,          
 
4. :         ,     

📊 
 
   

, ,    

    ,   

      
 
-     
 
     
🌍 
              ,  
   ,             
      ,         ,      
   
👉  ,               ,   
             ,    
   
     
      
5.         
:     
 
       ,     ,  ,
 ,           ,      
,   , ,        , 
         
 -    , ,  ,
, ,         ,   
        
   
    1449                 
        ,        
 ,     '          
    
 ,         
          ,   , , , 
   -           ,   
         
    ,           
            , ,   
    
         
    ,
                  
           
      -   ,       ,  
                 
()                   
 ,         ,    
        
  -   
     -            
  /   '  ,           ,
   '  
  ,        , ,     
           
   
               
     
      
    :
 ,        -      
           ,  
,             
  -   
              :
1.   
                 ,   
   
,           ,   
   

2.  ()     
       '        ,
  () ,            
 ,             
3.     
                
                 
  
           ,    
         
4.  
    
    ;        '
  , , , ,       
  -   
         
5.     
            
        ,  ,     ' 
  
 
       ,        
   , ,           

 
1.     
              
        ,  '     
              
, , ,        
 ,         
2.   
    ,              
 : •           (    )
 
,             

3.   
 ,      ,      ,    
             
,  
 ,        
     
      
;        , ,  
         ,   ,   
  
 -,  ,             
              

 1568      ,    
      
    ,      , , ,  
 -   
 

   ,                

     ,     
  ,  ,  
             , ,
    '          
 
      
   ,         
    ,    '        
6.   ,    '  
:🌟  ,   
🌟  
:   1498           
      
:   1516            
         ,        
    
  :  ,         
                  ,
      
👉     ,     -    
   
🌟  
           
   ,   
    
1.    :
o       
     

o         ( ),     

2.    :
o            
o     ,   ' 
 ,      
     
3.   :
o          ,   ,  
   
o     -           
4.    :
o        '  
o             
     
👉   :            
        
🌟  
1.   
  ,         
         ,   
        
 
       ,       
2.    
             
           

   '       ,    
3.   
           ,     

              

    ,       
4.  
             
        
 
          ,     
 
📖  
                    ,
        ,       
 :
"




,



..."(      ,    

...)
    ,    ,       
  ,                

   
🌟 ' 
 :       ,   
'  
 :      ,  
   
     
 :         ,  
     
📊 



   1498   ;    ;  

  ,   ,    

 ,  ,   ,   

    ,    ,     
🌍 
    ,              ,
               
 ,     
         
👉  ,       
,     -  ,
     ,           
     
(19
    )
7. 19
     -   '  
:19
                
,  ,   ,         ,
          ,  ,   
           -         
 :               
 ?             ?
           -  
      ,   ,       
              
   
;   , ,   ,  ,   
      
       
🌟   
?
              :
     
    
    
   -   
  
  
-
   ,       , ,     
    -        
,
   
   ,       
    
🌿  -      
             ,    
   1828                  
     (      ),     
     :
 
 
 
  
  :
    
  
     
  
              ,     ,
   1829    '           
               
            ,  
🔥  -   ,   
   ,        ,   1875    
          :
👉"    "
     
           
, ,      
     :
 
   
-
  
  :
   (  )
     
 
 
         ,       
( )    ,         ' 
             
🌼  -     
 ,     ,         1867
              
,    '       '  
     :
     
  
   
  
     ,          
             
       
🌙   
              
             ,   
     
  :
 
  
 
       ,        
            
   '   
   
                 
               
      -        
   
🛕   
  ,    (1873)       :
    
   
   
  
                  

🌺  -     
      ,         
           :
        
       
       '        -
           
🌞   
19
        
     
   :
   
   
     
 
   
    
     
                  
                  
      
 
🎯
19
           
;  , 
,         ,     ,  
 ,                
 ,        
   ,   - ,        
                    
    
,  , ,      
8.     ,      
:🌟-
               
 1897        ,    ,   
                
 ,
                  ,
               
👉   :            
🌟   
1.    
  (1836–1886)       ,       
           
     -  , ,   -     

    ,       '   
2.    
            
     (1893)       ,   
          
1897  ,         ,   :
"    " (      )
👉                 
🌟  
1.  
      ,         
  
   '  ,       '  
  ,           
 
2.     
    ,        ,      

,     , ,        
                
3. 
  , , ,        
 
     ,      
 
👉                    
  
🌟   
1.    
       :        

   ,      
          

2.  
     ,      
,        
  ,           
3.  
          -
  
           
      
    '   ,     
4.  
    ,        

   ,        
       '  ,    

5.  
            
,  
     
            
📖  
               ,    
        
,  ,       
 
   ,     
 : "        "
      
  -       

🌟   
   ,        
                 
  
       ,        
  
📊 

 , ,       
,  ,   
, ,  
,    
      
🌍 
       -         
              
,        
,  ,       
👉  ,                 
     
"              
 
       ,       
 "